The Platinised Titanium and Platinised niobium either platinum electrodeposited or metallurgical clad anodes are used as insoluble anodes in hard chromium plating bath, electrolyte such as… Chromic-Sulphuric acid and “HEEF-25" (high speed, etch-free). [More]

 The mass of dye taken up by the yarn or fabric divided by the total initial mass of dye in the water bath. Once the dyeing process reaches equilibrium, a portion of the dye remains in the dye bath and becomes part of the dye process wastewater. The exhaustion ratio depends on the quality of the dye and the characteristics of the fiber.These process waste water can be reused with the MMO Coated Electrodes.  These MMO coated electrodes very much used to remove the colour and odour. Also the MMO coated anodes with Titanium substrate shall be re coated, after the reasonable time. The attached images will be self explanatory.    

detailed experimental data are provided from a batch reactor system removing suspended solids together with a mathematical analysis based on the 'white water' model for the dissolved air flotation process. Current density is identified as the key operational parameter influencing which pollutant removal mechanism dominates. The conclusion is drawn that electrocoagulation has a future as a decentralised water treatment technology [More]

detailed experimental data are provided from a batch reactor system removing suspended solids together with a mathematical analysis based on the 'white water' model for the dissolved air flotation process. Current density is identified as the key operational parameter influencing which pollutant removal mechanism dominates. The conclusion is drawn that electrocoagulation has a future as a decentralised water treatment technology [More]

Primary Treatment After the removal of gross solids, gritty materials and excessive quantities of oil and grease, the next step is to remove the remaining suspended solids as much as possible. This step is aimed at reducing the strength of the waste water and also to facilitate secondary treatment. Screening: Coarse suspended matters such as rags, pieces of fabric, fibres, yarns and lint are removed. Bar screens and mechanically cleaned fine screens remove most of the fibres. The suspended fibres have to be removed prior to secondary biological treatment; otherwise they may affect the secondary treatment system. They are reported to clog trickling filters, seals or carbon beads. Sedimentation: The suspended matter in textile effluent can be removed efficiently and economically by sedimentation. This process is particularly useful for treatment of wastes containing high percentage of settable solids or when the waste is subjected to combined treatment with sewage. The sedimentation tanks are designed to enable smaller and lighter particles to settle under gravity. The most common equipment used includes horizontal flow sedimentation tanks and centre-feed circular clarifiers. The settled sludge is removed from the sedimentation tanks by mechanical scrapping into hoppers and pumping it out subsequently. Equalization: Effluent streams are collected into sump pit. Sometimes mixed effluents are stirred by rotating agitators or by blowing compressed air from below. The pit has a conical bottom for enhancing the settling of solid particles. [More]

Electro coagulation-electro floatation (ECF) technology is a treatment process of applying electrical current to treat and flocculate contaminants without having to add coagulations. It occurs with the current being applied, capable of removing small particles since direct current applied, setting them into motion. Also electro coagulation could reduce residue for waste production. Electro Coagulation Reactor (ECR) consists of electrodes, which is arranged in anode & cathode. Using the principles of electrochemistry, the cathode is oxidized (loses electrons), while the water is reduced (gains electrons), thereby making the wastewater better treated. [More]

Electro coagulation-electro floatation (ECF) technology is a treatment process of applying electrical current to treat and flocculate contaminants without having to add coagulations. It occurs with the current being applied, capable of removing small particles since direct current applied, setting them into motion. Also electro coagulation could reduce residue for waste production. Electro Coagulation Reactor (ECR) consists of electrodes, which is arranged in anode & cathode. Using the principles of electrochemistry, the cathode is oxidized (loses electrons), while the water is reduced (gains electrons), thereby making the wastewater better treated. [More]

Electro coagulation-electro floatation (ECF) technology is a treatment process of applying electrical current to treat and flocculate contaminants without having to add coagulations. It occurs with the current being applied, capable of removing small particles since direct current applied, setting them into motion. Also electro coagulation could reduce residue for waste production. Electro Coagulation Reactor (ECR) consists of electrodes, which is arranged in anode & cathode. Using the principles of electrochemistry, the cathode is oxidized (loses electrons), while the water is reduced (gains electrons), thereby making the wastewater better treated. [More]

Electrochemical techniques use one of the cleanest reagents: “the electron.” Thus, since the main reactive used in the oxidation process is green, this becomes sustainable. Oxidation of the organic compounds could occur at the interface of the anode/aqueous solution or in solution via intermediates. Electrochemical oxidation consists in the application of an external source of energy into an electrochemical cell that contains one or more pairs of electrodes. At the cathode, a reduction reaction occurs and the oxidation reactions takes places at the anode. The use of boron diamond doped anodes (BDD) allows the generation of HO• radicals, which reacts with organic compounds. [More]

Electrocoagulation-electroflotation (ECF) technology is a treatment process of applying electrical current to treat and flocculate contaminants without having to add coagulations. Shammas et al. stated that coagulation occurs with the current being applied, capable of removing small particles since direct current applied, setting them into motion. Also electrocoagulation could reduce residue for waste production [1]. Electrocoagulation consists of pairs of metal sheets called electrodes, that are arranged in pairs of twoanodes and cathodes. Using the principles of electrochemistry, the cathode is oxidized (loses electrons), while the water is reduced (gains electrons), thereby making the wastewater better treated. When the cathode electrode makes contact with the wastewater, the metal is emitted into the apparatus.When this happens, the particulates are neutralized by the formation of hydroxide complexes for the purpose of forming agglomerates. These agglomerates begin to form at the bottom of the tank and can be siphen out through filtration. However, when one considers an electro coagulation-flotation apparatus, the particulates would instead float to the top of the tank by means of formed hydrogen bubbles that are created from the anode. The floated particulates can be skimmed from the top of the tank. To consider how effective the ECF reactor can be, one must consider the following inputs or variableswastewater type, pH, current density, type of metal electrodes (aluminum, steel, iron), number of electrodes, size of electrodes, and configuration of metals. These variables would affect the overall treatment time, kinetics, and also the removal efficiency measured. Electrocoagulation-flotation is an alternative method to classic chemical coagulation for many reasons. ECF is capable of reducing the need for chemicals due to the fact that the electrodes provide the coagulant. However, many individuals still use chemical coagulants to attempt to enhance treatment. Traditionally, chemical coagulation involves the use of alum (aluminum sulfate), ferric chloride (FeCl3), or ferrous sulfate (Fe2SO4) which can be very expensive depending on the volume of water treated. When applying the coagulant, the coagulant performs a similar function as the electrodes, neutralizing the charge of the particulates, thereby allow them to agglomerate and settle at the bottom of the tank. In addition, electrocoagulation-flotation is capable of reducing waste production from wastewater treatment and also reduces the time necessary for treatment. [More]