Dispersible wastes Highly dispersed or mixed with other wastes: Waste water Hard-To-Treat Wastes Resist treatment Contain non biodegradable or inorganic Cannot be removed by biological processes High- Volume Wastes High-volume wastes in textiles include wash water, alkaline wastes, warp sizes Hazardous or Toxic Wastes Subgroup of hard-to-treat wastes. Metals, chlorinated solvents, non degradable surfactants Dispersible wastes Highly dispersed or mixed with other wastes: Waste water Hard-To-Treat Wastes Resist treatment Contain non biodegradable or inorganic Cannot be removed by biological processes High- Volume Wastes High-volume wastes in textiles include wash water, alkaline wastes, warp sizes Hazardous or Toxic Wastes Subgroup of hard-to-treat wastes. Metals, chlorinated solvents, non degradable surfactants 6 General Waste Categorization [More]

Dispersible wastes Highly dispersed or mixed with other wastes: Waste water Hard-To-Treat Wastes Resist treatment Contain non biodegradable or inorganic Cannot be removed by biological processes High- Volume Wastes High-volume wastes in textiles include wash water, alkaline wastes, warp sizes Hazardous or Toxic Wastes Subgroup of hard-to-treat wastes. Metals, chlorinated solvents, non degradable surfactants Dispersible wastes Highly dispersed or mixed with other wastes: Waste water Hard-To-Treat Wastes Resist treatment Contain non biodegradable or inorganic Cannot be removed by biological processes High- Volume Wastes High-volume wastes in textiles include wash water, alkaline wastes, warp sizes Hazardous or Toxic Wastes Subgroup of hard-to-treat wastes. Metals, chlorinated solvents, non degradable surfactants 6 General Waste Categorization [More]

Electrodes are different types with different substrate available. The same are sacrificial for Electro Coagulation and Non sacrificial for Electro Oxidation Application. [More]

Electrodes are different types with different substrate available. The same are sacrificial for Electro Coagulation and Non sacrificial for Electro Oxidation Application. [More]

1 Litre Batch type Electrolytic Coagulation & Electrolytic Oxidation system for treating Sewage. This demonstration decides on designing of actual capacity of Sewage Treatment Plant. [More]

Electrochemical techniques use one of the cleanest reagents: “the electron.” Thus, since the main reactive used in the oxidation process is green, this becomes sustainable. Oxidation of the organic compounds could occur at the interface of the anode/aqueous solution or in solution via intermediates. Electrochemical oxidation consists in the application of an external source of energy into an electrochemical cell that contains one or more pairs of electrodes. At the cathode, a reduction reaction occurs and the oxidation reactions takes places at the anode. The use of boron diamond doped anodes (BDD) allows the generation of HO• radicals, which reacts with organic compounds. [More]

Electrocoagulation-electroflotation (ECF) technology is a treatment process of applying electrical current to treat and flocculate contaminants without having to add coagulations. Shammas et al. stated that coagulation occurs with the current being applied, capable of removing small particles since direct current applied, setting them into motion. Also electrocoagulation could reduce residue for waste production [1]. Electrocoagulation consists of pairs of metal sheets called electrodes, that are arranged in pairs of twoanodes and cathodes. Using the principles of electrochemistry, the cathode is oxidized (loses electrons), while the water is reduced (gains electrons), thereby making the wastewater better treated. When the cathode electrode makes contact with the wastewater, the metal is emitted into the apparatus.When this happens, the particulates are neutralized by the formation of hydroxide complexes for the purpose of forming agglomerates. These agglomerates begin to form at the bottom of the tank and can be siphen out through filtration. However, when one considers an electro coagulation-flotation apparatus, the particulates would instead float to the top of the tank by means of formed hydrogen bubbles that are created from the anode. The floated particulates can be skimmed from the top of the tank. To consider how effective the ECF reactor can be, one must consider the following inputs or variableswastewater type, pH, current density, type of metal electrodes (aluminum, steel, iron), number of electrodes, size of electrodes, and configuration of metals. These variables would affect the overall treatment time, kinetics, and also the removal efficiency measured. Electrocoagulation-flotation is an alternative method to classic chemical coagulation for many reasons. ECF is capable of reducing the need for chemicals due to the fact that the electrodes provide the coagulant. However, many individuals still use chemical coagulants to attempt to enhance treatment. Traditionally, chemical coagulation involves the use of alum (aluminum sulfate), ferric chloride (FeCl3), or ferrous sulfate (Fe2SO4) which can be very expensive depending on the volume of water treated. When applying the coagulant, the coagulant performs a similar function as the electrodes, neutralizing the charge of the particulates, thereby allow them to agglomerate and settle at the bottom of the tank. In addition, electrocoagulation-flotation is capable of reducing waste production from wastewater treatment and also reduces the time necessary for treatment. [More]

Electrochemical oxidation is considered a robust technology and is easy to use, for those reasons, it has been used for a diversity of wastewater treatments. The main advantages of this technology over other conventional treatments are as follows: the main reagent is the electron; many processes occur in the electrochemical cell; the addition of chemicals is not required; and the process is carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Ozone is a powerful oxidant produced in gas phase, and by means of a diffuser, a mass transfer occurs to aqueous solution. A main advantage of ozone is that it oxidizes organic compounds without producing residual sludge. However, it was found that some compounds are ozone-resistant such as iopamidol, sucralose and atrazine-desethyl. [More]

Electrochemical oxidation is considered a robust technology and is easy to use, for those reasons, it has been used for a diversity of wastewater treatments. The main advantages of this technology over other conventional treatments are as follows: the main reagent is the electron; many processes occur in the electrochemical cell; the addition of chemicals is not required; and the process is carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Ozone is a powerful oxidant produced in gas phase, and by means of a diffuser, a mass transfer occurs to aqueous solution. A main advantage of ozone is that it oxidizes organic compounds without producing residual sludge. However, it was found that some compounds are ozone-resistant such as iopamidol, sucralose and atrazine-desethyl. [More]

Electrocoagulation-electroflotation (ECF) technology is a treatment process of applying electrical current to treat and flocculate contaminants without having to add coagulations. Shammas et al. stated that coagulation occurs with the current being applied, capable of removing small particles since direct current applied, setting them into motion. Also electrocoagulation could reduce residue for waste production [More]